This Occasional Paper examines the emergence of European-led ad-hoc military coalitions, why these forms of cooperation have emerged and what value they add to the existing European security architecture. Europe’s security architecture is dominated by NATO and the EU. They are, respectively, the primary hard and soft security providers to …

Russian President Vladimir Putin’s message to the United States, NATO, and Kyiv at his annual press conference could arguably be summed up like this: Happy Holidays — and after that, we’ll see. The choreographed, nearly four-hour event on December 23 came with attention riveted on Russia’s military buildup near Ukraine’s …

India grappled with serious security and domestic challenges this year. Military tensions with China showed no signs of easing, a deadly second wave of the coronavirus pandemic devastated India and the biggest farmers protest in decades challenged Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s authority. The Asian giants, India and China, ended their …